Colonialism and the Struggles of the Black Psyche Essay Example for Free

Expansionism and the Struggles of the Black Psyche Essay The book â€Å"Black Skin, White Masks† by Frantz Fanon breaks down the mental harm that expansionism fashioned on the colonizer and the colonized. Fanon likewise puts together his examinations with respect to his own encounters, wherein he portrays how dark youngsters create depressions that root from their enmity of their own skin, in light of the media and their every day conditions: â€Å"The predominant frontier culture†¦identifies the dark skin of the Negro with polluting influence; and the Antilleans acknowledge this affiliation thus come to detest themselves† (Appiah ix). The wellspring of â€Å"Black Skin, White Masks† is the mental injury from expansionism, bigotry, and sex disparity, a physical issue that will get away from recuperation, except if the dark mind vanquishes its internal white devils and estrange all that distances him/her. Fanon composes from the encounters and mental examinations of the dark skin and the white veils that individuals of color wear. He portrays a young lady who fears individuals of color: â€Å"†¦it is at this age the Negro as savage and barbarian shows up. It is anything but difficult to make the connection† (Fanon 184). This dread for the dark skin is additionally accentuated and censured in the artistic creation â€Å"How Do You Like Me Now† (1988) (fig. 1) by David Hammons. This fourteen-by-sixteen-foot painting shows political pioneer Jesse Jackson with fair, wavy hair, blue eyes, pink cheeks, and white skin. The title is likewise a melody of a mainstream rapper Kool Moe Dee. This composition can be deciphered from alternate points of view. Barnwell and Buick contend that white watchers can see the artistic creation from their point of view, wherein they are tested to see through their predispositions and think about deciding in favor of a dark man, since he is â€Å"whitened. Simultaneously, the composition â€Å"asks dark watchers whether they would bolster Jackson on the off chance that he were white,† state Barnwell and Buick. Then again, the translation of the artworks likewise changes with the race of the craftsman. Barnwell and Buick investigate the adjustments in implicatio ns of the fine art, if Hammons race is changed from dark to white. This artwork has been assaulted ten dark men, who believed that it was supremacist and annoying, and they utilized heavy hammers to attack it and remove it from its platform. Barnwell and Buick wonder if the dark gathering would have still obliterated the composition, on the off chance that they realized that the painter was dark and that he was just mocking the shading lines that subjugate people’s minds. Plainly, obscurity and whiteness discharge the deepest qualities and feelings of the individuals. The responses can mirror the annoyance and misery of the oppressed dark race. â€Å"How Do You Like Me Now† (1988), as observed by the rough reaction of certain individuals, has plainly damaged the colonized. Imperialism has harmed the dark mind to the degree that brutality has been scratched into it as well. Expansionism has stripped individuals of color of the option to characterize their personalities, via satirizing their reality and reason throughout everyday life. Imperialism, similar to subjection, slants the dark people’s right to mankind and force. Savagery, be that as it may, can recapture this loss of intensity and supplant t he feeling of misfortune. Through savagery, the hole among force and weakness can be filled once more. â€Å"How Do You Like Me Now† (1988) additionally comments on the harm of colonization and prejudice to the colonizer. From the bigot white viewpoint, this blondie man is an individual who has more prominent potential for being a president. Whenever confronted with an individual of color, with bruised eyes and wavy hair, the supremacist white would be annoyed with the all-encompassing obscurity. It will feel, as Fanon’s young lady who fears individuals of color, that they are being attacked. The size of the artwork additionally affirms power. Be that as it may, since provincial and white America would not think about any enormous force from the individuals of color, it is imperative to wear the white cover. With the individual of color covered as white, he will be acknowledged and he will have power. This is a similar study of Fanon of colonizers. The colonizers have overlooked that the individuals of color additionally have their own characters. The whites see no dark uniqueness and force, yet just their whiteness. This seeing of whiteness on darkness denotes another anxiety from the side of the whites. What is it about their whiteness that they have cherished themselves too profoundly and too unreasonably? Following the investigation of Fanon, having force and requesting a lot of it dehumanized the white race of the frontier times. That force is white has been installed in their brain, an inserting that has been too brutally engraved that to expel it likewise intends to forcefully evacuate a piece of them. Accordingly, the colonized is mentally harmed as well. Yet, as the individuals of color who pounded away â€Å"How Do You Like Me Now† (1988) appeared, it isn't worthy to be a non-person. It isn't adequate to be colonized and still feel like a typical individual. There must be purge. There must be opportunity from all distances. The work of art â€Å"Wives of Shango† (n. d. ) (fig. 2) by Jeff Donaldson catches the freedom from three fronts-freedom of race, freedom of sexual orientation, and freedom from one’s own battles. In this work of art, three dark ladies are decorated with shots and cash. The two are not glancing back at the watchers, yet have predominance in the manner in which their jawlines are turned up. The center lady at the back sets out to glance back at the watchers. In any case, the articulation is furious, and it makes watchers turn away. This work of art is a picture of intensity. This picture splits away the â€Å"comparaison† that Fanon discusses. Fanon contends that blacks are in the condition of â€Å"comparaison,† wherein: â€Å"†¦he is continually distracted with self-attestation and the personality ideal† (185-186). This distraction is about blacks being â€Å"always subject to the nearness of ‘The Other’† (Fanon 186). â€Å"Wives of Shango† (n. d. ) is deciphered as the shedding endlessly of this â€Å"comparaison. It doesn't have a drop of accommodation or shortcoming. The ladies represent the intensity of their sexual orientation and race. They are happy to pay and murder to apply power. They are eager to command their own battles as well, by fixing it through cash and blood. Yet, the methods for cash and brutality, then again, can likewise be deciphered as the result of the white look. Is it conceivable that these ladies are additionally as yet being white, by utilizing similar weapons stores of the white race? The white race entered and vanquished through viciousness and cash. Are the individuals of color going to retaliate with a similar sort of severe power? In doing as such, they are â€Å"being white† as well. Fanon contends that to be dark, individuals of color ought to likewise acknowledge their whiteness. Fanon says: â€Å"I am French† (179), which incorporates being a piece of the white French culture. Fanon contends that the individuals of color couldn't obliterate the whiteness in them. Similarly, white individuals can likewise not wreck the darkness inside them. White and dark have blended as of now, and this converging of two races and societies can't be disregarded. In spite of the fact that the white evil presence has seeded feeling of inadequacy operating at a profit mind, Fanon recommends that the best approach to recuperation from the white’s oppression is tolerating â€Å"that which is white† in them. The estrangement that individuals of color feel is another issue, as it has partitioned the dark mind into various clashing measurements. Fanon says: â€Å"That this self-division is an immediate consequence of colonialist enslavement is past question† (17). The estrangement renders unspeakable mental harms as it infuses â€Å"compound, uncertain, and disrupting results, both inside and externally† (Brown-Guillory 35). Fanon suggests a white cover, yet not all individuals can wear it. â€Å"Wives of Shango† (n. d. ) separates itself from the white cover. It focuses on the intensity of the dark mind that can be hung outside in full brilliance. This dark mind may be apprehensive however, in any event, when it is sure. The ladies wear images of viciousness and battling. They realize that re-finding their situations in power focuses can have downsides, and they are set up with ammo. Estrangement has undermined the brain totally that dread has been settled in the activities and convictions of the individuals of color. This is the place Fanon bodes well. Dread that distance has made must be fixed through tolerating the whiteness. It is additionally about repairing the indignation with harmony, not with viciousness. The white veil doesn't speak to another type of persecution. It represents the sentiment of wellbeing and trust with whiteness. It implies the finish of control of the dark, in light of the fact that whenever, that cover can be evacuated. What's more, on a very basic level, it is as yet a white cover. Fanon makes a few in number focuses. Bigotry, expansionism, and sexism have disfigured the mind of the white and individuals of color. They are partitioned inside, in view of these abusive encounters. Be that as it may, the blacks can recuperate from this harm, as long as they can deal with wearing the white veil. Simultaneously, they should recollect that the white cover is just a veil. It is significant for the individuals of color to likewise locate their dark personalities and revel in the pride of wearing it all around.

Country Ghrammer Essay Example For Students

Nation Ghrammer Essay Gee, Im going down infant yo road in a Range Rover Street Sweeper infant positioned prepared to release it Shimmy cocoa wha hear it out now Light it up and take a puff, pass it to me now Hmm, Im going down infant yo road in a Range Rover Street Sweeper infant positioned prepared to release it Shimmy cocoa wha hear it out now Light it up and take a puff, pass it to me now (Nelly) You can discover me, in St. Louis rollin on names Smoking names in clubs, blowin up like cocoa puff Sippin Bud, gettin perved and getting named Daps and embraces, mean mugs and shoulder shrugs And its all in light of the fact that, gathered enough stretch Just to explore it, completely finished on chrome And its sweets painted, fans swooned While Im engaging, wild aint it How me and mugs, I hang with Hannibal Lector (Hot sh*t) So feel me when I bring it, sing it uproarious wha Im from the Loop and Im glad Run a mile for the reason Im noble exempt from the rules that everyone else follows Playa my styles crude Im Born to Mack like Todd Shaw Forget the notoriety, and the excitement Give me Ds mind an elastic sledge My sentence structure bes ebonics, gin tonic and interminable Fuc* bionic its unexpected, slammin nig*as like Onyx Lunatics until the day I pass on I run increasingly game then the Bulls and Sonics Chorus 2X (Nelly) Who state lovely young men cannot be wild nig*as Loud nig*as, O.K. Corral nig*as Foul nig*as, run in the club and bust in the group nig*a How nig*a, ask me again its going down nig*a Now nig*a, go to the carnival and watch me jokester nig*a Pound nig*a, what you be givin when Im around nig*a Frown nig*as, talkin sh*t when I leave the town nig*a Say presently, can you diggers come join in the festivities now Hey Im, prepared to cut you up any day currently Play by, my principles boo and you gon remain high May I, answer yo third inquiry like hello I Say greetings, to my nig*as left in the slamma From St. Louis to Memphis From Texas back up to Indiana, Chi-Town K.C. M otown to Alabama L-A, New York Yankee niggas to Hotlanta, Louisiana All my niggas mind Country Grammar Smokin blunts in Savannah Blow thirty plant like Im Hammer Chorus 2X (Nelly) Lets demonstrate these felines to make these milli-ons So you nig*as quit acting senseless, mon My +Kid+ snappier than +Billy+, mon Talking truly and I need it mon, enemies I keep filly mon Specially off Remi, mon, keys to my Beemer, mon Holla at Beenie Man, see me, mon Cheifin rollin more profound than any mon, through Jennings mon Through U-City back up to Kingsland, mind decent nig*as Sheist nig*as, who grab yo life nig*a, trife nig*as Who produce and sell a similar beat twice, nig*a, ice nig*a All over near never calm From broke to havin mixture, cause my value Range is Rover Now Im knockin like Jehovah Let me in now, let me in now Bill Gates Donald Trumph let me in, we turn now I got cash to loan my companions now, we in now Candy Benz, Kenwood and 10s now (Whoo!) Fu**in lesbian twins now Seein now, t hrough the pen I make my closures now BibliographyA site

Youre an Illini!

Youre an Illini! Dear future Illini, I remember when I was accepted to Illinois. I was sitting in the learning center at my high school during third period (which I had free), and I opened up myIllini on my computer. And there it was, on my screen in bright orange and white. Alexandra, youre an Illini! Not the exact email, but still exciting. Unlike what I assume is true for many people, my reaction was subdued. My heart rate didnt pick up. I didnt cry. I didnt immediately message all of my friends, and I never posted on Facebook. I didnt call my parents or my brother to tell them I had just gotten into Illinois. In fact, I didnt tell them until I had pressed the accept button. I didnt know how to feel about it. Some people dream of going to their perfect college and have it all planned out. Some people dont want to go to college and never send an application. I fell somewhere in the middle. I knew I was going to go to college, and I knew it had to be in a certain price range, and the idea of college itself was exciting, but I never  knew where I wanted to go. So I applied to a few places, and I just chose. I just chose Illinois. And it sounds really cheesy, but I think it was one of the best choices I could have made. I didnt think it at the time, and I definitely didnt think it when my dad was dropping me off at my dorm, where I had just realized I was going to spend an entire year in a room, in a dorm, at a school full of people I didnt know. I dont think I really understood what it truly meant to be here until I made my first new friend and found my place. But when I did, among the 40,000 other students at this school, I knew I was home.   Looking back, I dont think I would change any decision Ive made up to this point. I accepted an offer to an amazing school. I made my senior year as memorable as possible, and spent as much of my time as I could with the friends I had grown up with. I packed and planned and planned and packed, and I came here. I found more lifelong friends. I found clubs that I love so much I regularly give each of them hours of my time a week. I went to class (every single class) and learned how to learn better, understand more, make decisions and grow. So, whether youre over-the-moon excited and already quickly converting your closet to exclusively orange and blue, or youre a little more like me and more anxious of what the future holds, I say embrace it. Illinois is a great place to live and learn, and I think youll be proud to call yourself an Illini. Sincerest congratulations, Alex Alexandra Class of 2019 I'm an English major in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I'm also minoring in Business. May my blogs help you with your searches toward finding what you love.

4 Senses Animals Have That Humans Dont

Radar guns, magnetic compasses, and infrared detectors are all man-made inventions that enable humans to stretch beyond the five natural senses of sight, taste, smell, feel, and hearing. But  these gadgets are far from original. Evolution equipped some animals with these extra senses millions of years before humans evolved. Echolocation Toothed whales (a family of marine mammals that includes dolphins), bats, and some ground- and tree-dwelling shrews use echolocation to navigate their surroundings. These animals emit  high-frequency sound pulses, either very high-pitched to human ears or completely inaudible, and then detect the echoes produced by those sounds. Special ear and brain adaptations enable these animals to build three-dimensional pictures of their surroundings. Bats, for example, have enlarged ear flaps that gather and direct sound toward their thin, super-sensitive eardrums. Infrared and Ultraviolet Vision Rattlesnakes and other pit vipers use their eyes to see during the day, like most other vertebrate animals. But at night, these reptiles employ infrared sensory organs to detect and hunt warm-blooded prey that would otherwise be completely invisible. These infrared eyes are cup-like structures that form crude images as infrared radiation hits a heat-sensitive retina. Some animals, including eagles, hedgehogs, and shrimp, can also see into the lower reaches of the ultraviolet spectrum. Human beings are unable to see either infrared or ultraviolet light with the naked eye. Electric Sense The omnipresent electric fields produced by some animals function like senses. Electric eels and some species of rays have modified muscle cells that produce electric charges strong enough to shock  and sometimes kill their prey. Other fish (including many sharks) use weaker electric fields to help them navigate murky waters, home in on prey or monitor their surroundings. For instance, bony fish (and some frogs) possess lateral lines on either side of their bodies, a row of sensory pores in the skin that detect electrical currents in the water. Magnetic Sense The flow of molten material in the earths core and the flow of ions in the earths atmosphere generate a magnetic field that surrounds the planet. Just as compasses point humans toward magnetic north, animals possessing a magnetic sense can orient themselves in specific directions and navigate long distances. Behavioral studies have revealed that animals as diverse as honey bees, sharks, sea turtles, rays, homing pigeons, migratory birds, tuna, and salmon all have magnetic senses. Unfortunately, the details about how these animals actually sense the earths magnetic field are not yet known. One clue may be small deposits of magnetite in these animals nervous systems. These magnet-like crystals align themselves with the earths magnetic fields and may act like microscopic compass needles.   Edited by Bob Strauss

A Research Project On Credit Risk Management Basic

The theoretical framework or theoretical review can be defined as a set of linked idea that facilitate to better understand the content of a research project. ( Investopedia.com) According to Van Gestel and Baesens in their book â€Å"Credit risk management basic† in order for banks to ensure a good credit risk management and to maximize its profitability it is very important that banks pays particular attention to four practices. Those practices are the selection of a solvable counterparty, limitation is to fix a limit risk exposure regarding the counterparty, diversification spread the credit risk in order to avoid a concentration on credit risk problem this will allow the bank to not bear the risk alone and finally the Credit echanment is†¦show more content†¦The Credit Scoring is a set of decision models and the underlying techniques that help in the decision to grant consumer credits (Thomas 2002). In summary, we can say that Credit Scoring is risk management tool that aims to predict the probability of default of a new loan using the previous loans. Thus, the purpose of the Credit Scoring is to predict risk and not to explain it. 1.1.2 The five C’s model â€Å"When a small business applies for a business loan, a bank or other lender follows a certain protocol when evaluating the application. One thing the bank uses is the 5 C s of credit analysis to evaluate the application for the loan.† (Peavler, 2016) Character: The first criterion is of course an analysis that covers the client (honesty, transparency, experience, training, past successes, strengths, etc.). The lender looks at the character of the leader and company foremost. The lender will ask himself question such as, do I trust the person before me to grant him a loan? Is he going to repay the loan as agreed? In addition, the lender will look at the quality of the managers in place. Even in difficult times, a team of competent managers will manage the activities of the company and take the

Shizz Free Essays

Industrial Marketing Research PHASE 2 1) What are the strategy components of the NPD â€Å" New product Development† ch 7 * The expected life cycle of the product ( 2 years – 5 years ) before we develop it or 10 years. e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Shizz or any similar topic only for you Order Now Peugot 504 Model 1968 was expected to stay in the market undeveloped for 5 years, it stayed for 17 years and there is still demand which affected the demand of other Peugot Models * How are you going to approach the market? * Why are people going to accept your product? Attributes of new products which affect their acceptability Relative advantage: the perception that the idea is better than the one it supercedes * Compatibility. Consistency with existing values, past experience, and needs of a firm’s buyers and influencers * Complexity: more complex ideas are adopted more slowly. * Trialability: if a firm can try out a small aspect for a new idea it will be accepted more quickly than a firm has to make a major switch * Observability: if the effects of an innovation can be easily observed this innovation maybe adopted more quickly. NPD Process Opportunity identification and selection: where new product opportunities are identified and selected. * Concept generation: research with customers and preliminary analysis take place. * Concept evaluation: careful review of new product concepts on technical, marketing and financial variables. Choose the most promising concepts to move forward to the next phase. * Development: both technical and marketing development takes place. Prototypes are designed and tested and the production pro * Launch: how are you going to launch this product and for which prospects? ) Description of services offered (Pure Services/ Pure tangible goods) as well as pricing strategies of services. Ch 8 Combinations of service and physical product * Pure tangible good: products no service * Tangible good with accompanying services: this is a tangible product with services added, highly technical products usually are more dependent upon services such as planning, installation, training, and maintenance. * Hybrid: equal offering of goods and services, so the service portion of the offering is equal importance to the tangible product offerin g * Major service with supporting goods and services. The most important part is the service but some goods and supporting services are required e,g, business travellers on air line they need food. * Pure service: the offering is primarily a service, such as consulting or advertising, very little tangible goods are required. * Phase 2 is an application of chapter 7 8 * Each member of the group should participate * A presentation is required next week in the tutorial * All members of the group should be present * You will be graded individually upon your presentation not how correct your research is * We will explain in the tutorial this week how this phase will be done. How to cite Shizz, Essay examples

Workplace Diversity & Cultural Behavior-Free Samples-Myassignment

Question: Details your idea about Christian and sikhism 3 behaviour that you notice at the cultural setting and Compare between that cultural behavior and the behavior of another. Answer: It has been observed that when Christians visit church, men usually stands on the right hand side of the church and women stand on the left hand side. However, they always leave a space in their middle so that it becomes trouble-free for the priests to hold their services (Luzbetak, 2015) . In the temple for Sikhs, no chairs are supplied to them and therefore they have to sit on the carpeted floor. There might be few chairs, which are only for old people or physically disabled who have difficulty sitting on the floor. Christian people do not cover their heads when they are offering their prayers as a sign of expressing their devotion, whereas, women wear decent clothes with no makeup, which is a sign of patience and purity while they are serving god. On the other hand, when Sikh people visit temple the very first thing they do is to cover their heads. Men or women both have to cover their heads, remove their shoes and wash their hands and feet before entering the temple. Talking, laughing, and greeting friends or handshaking in the church means showing disrespect to the god and an act of disturbing others in their prayers. Chewing, eating or drinking inside the church is not allowed. However, Sikhs always bow down to their holy book first after entering the temple and they never show their back or sit with their feet pointed towards their lord and moreover they sit crossed leg in a yoga style once they are inside their temple (Mandair, Shackle Singh, 2013). References Luzbetak, L. J. (2015).The church and cultures: New perspectives in missiological anthropology. Orbis Books. Mandair, A. P. S., Shackle, C., Singh, G. (2013).Sikh religion, culture and ethnicity. Routledge.

How Does the Internet Aid Communication

The Internet has become an integral part of the life of many people. The invention and spread of the Internet changed all aspects of modernity. Thus, the Interned made the life quicker and communication easier. The communication via the Internet is becoming more and more popular nowadays. People prefer sharing their ideas and best moments while being online. Although the Internet has become of extreme significance nowadays, there are both advantages and disadvantages of using it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Does the Internet Aid Communication? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Communication and Its Forms Before examining the Internet and its role, it is necessary to be aware of the notion of communication and its various types. There are numerous definitions of communication. The central idea of all of them is that communication is a process of sharing thoughts. Thill and Bovee (2013, p. 3) define communic ation as ‘the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one of more written, oral, visual, or electronic media’. The nature of communication is complicated as far as it can be presented in various forms and dimensions. According to the most general division, the communication can be of two types: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication presupposes the usage of words. Thus, when people communicate with the help of words (either orally or in writing), they are engaged in the verbal communication. The distinctive feature of spoken communication is that people use different gestures, postures, movements, and facial expressions. All these signs are referred to as nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication is not formally accepted though it exists. However, one should always bear in mind that meanings of nonverbal signs may differ among cultures and countries (Sarvaiya 2013). The sub-types of verbal communication are oral an d written. The oral communication is spontaneous, personal, and flexible. Written communication is usually influenced by particular rules of writing and is rather formal. Depending on the number of participants, the communication may be intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, and massive. An intrapersonal communication occurs when one thinks. All people practice internal communication. It assists in the better understanding of the world. An interpersonal communication is realized in the form of dialogues between two people. Group communication occurs between members of the particular unity. The group is a company of individuals who are united by the common goal. There are small (from three to seven participants) and large (seven and more) groups (Sarvaiya 2013). The mass communication is the last form. This type is conducted via television, radio, or any other mass media channels.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your firs t paper with 15% OFF Learn More Internet Communication and Its Forms Internet communication is more often called online communication. The aim of the Internet communication is the same — to transmit information between senders and receivers but with the help of computers or any other devices that have access to the Internet. The classification of the forms of online communication can be rather a challenging task due to its constant development and improvement. The Internet communication is divided into several types. The first type is â€Å"one-to-one† messaging. It is the most popular method of communication. It presupposes sending â€Å"e-mails† or messages via other platforms or social media. The primary thing about one-to-one messaging is that it is the way of online intercourse between individuals. The second type is â€Å"one-to-many messaging†. This type means the automatic sending of messages to many recipients at the same time. For insta nce, a person may visit some website, like it, and subscribe to it. All people who subscribe to the particular content will receive automatic e-mails about the news. â€Å"Distributed message databases† comprise the third type of communication via the Internet. In this case, people participate in group discussions. Thus, one person leaves a message, and others can write responses. All messages are visible to everybody. Many forums may serve as examples of distributed message databases. The next type of online communication is known as â€Å"real-time communication†. It should not be confused with the first type where users read messages later. In a real-time communication, one can answer immediately. This form is possible in all social media as well as in many chat rooms or specially designed services (Methods to Communicate Over Internet n.d.). Barret suggests another classification of the Internet communication tools. He differentiates traditional services, World Wid e Web, video and phone calls, streaming video, and video games. Barret combines e-mailing, chat rooms, and forums into the group of traditional services. World Wide Web provides opportunities for every user to find required information. It is a service that works on the basis of the Hyper Transfer Protocol or HTTP. The user has to request particular information and the web server answers to that request. Modern online communication is not limited by messaging. Video and phone calls are possible nowadays. One has to have the gadget that supports such function and the access to the Internet. Skype is one of the most popular platforms for video and phone calls. Barett suggests that streaming video is one more option for communication when one can download film or music. Finally, video games are the last type. Many gamers can play games and communicate with other players simultaneously (Barett n.d.). Communication before the Invention of the Internet Human communication was realized in a variety of forms before the invention of the Internet. People used different media to transmit information. Drums were one of the first methods for sharing information. They were the primary way of communication in Africa in pre-historic times. The sound produced by drums could be heard from the distance of one hundred miles. In 2000 BC, Egyptian pharaohs established the other method of sharing information.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Does the Internet Aid Communication? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They developed the courier service to deliver written messages. The first prototype of the modern postal system was first used in Ancient Persia in the 5th century BC. It happened when the Athenian messenger run to ask for help from Sparta when Persians invaded Marathon (O’Neil 2013). Smoke signals represent an easy and efficient way of the visual communication. They were first used on the Great Wall of China. Pigeon post is regarded as the first most efficient system of communication. This type of message delivering was developed in the 12th century by Sultan Nur-ed-din. He built dovecotes in Damascus and Cairo, and pigeons carried messages over long distances. Besides, pigeon post played a crucial role in World War I and World War II. Telegraph was the first technologically aided method to transmit information. It was invented by Samuel Morse in 1844 and gave rise to the further development of the modern ways of communication such as telephones or faxes (From Smoke Signals to Smartphones 2014). The Development of the Internet The invention of the Internet is usually associated with the name Leonard Kleinrock. He was the first to write about ARPANET, the network that is considered to be the beginning of the Internet, in 1961. ARPANET is the abbreviation for the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network that was initially used by the U.S. Defense Department. Leonard Kleinro ck sent the message via ARPANET in 1969. Since that time, many communication protocols appeared, and they were used for transmission of messages. The term â€Å"Internet† was introduced in 1973. Telenet was the first Internet Service Provider that used ARPANET for commercial purposes. The standard protocol for the Internet (IP) was introduced in 1982. A year later, the Domain Name System developed the modern version of website names such as.org,.com,.gov, and others. In the 90th, the era of rapid development continued and became close to the modern version of the Internet. Thus, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European Organization for Nuclear Research, worked on the HTML (HyperText Markup Language). A few years later, Microsoft and Apple Corporations started to work on the browsers for the access to the Internet (Zimmerman 2012). A crucial point in the development of the Internet happened in 1998. The Google introduced the search engine system that changed the human comm unication. In 2004, Facebook was launched. This event is another milestone in the Internet communication as far as it gave rise to the social networking. In six years, the number of Facebook users increased to four hundred million. Since 2010, social media became essential for the human communication.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Role of the Internet The Internet has changed not only the nature of communication. It modified a variety of other aspects of everyday life including: Education is much more accessible nowadays than whenever before. People have opportunities to receive degrees online regardless of their location. Although the online education is still developing, it brings a substantial hope to the sphere of education; Research. Millions of people use Google or other online sources to find answers to everyday questions. The World Wide Web has become a massive storage of helpful pieces of advice for every day; Business. The Internet gave rise to the development of the electronic commerce. Nowadays, e-commerce is an essential part of the successful business. Also, the job search became much easier. An employee can send resumes via e-mails from one place without wasting too much energy; Travelling and shopping. There is no need to go the travel agency anymore as far as one can reserve tickets to a ny place online. The same is with shopping. Online stores made it possible to buy everything without living home; Entertainment. The Internet provides numerous opportunities for having fun in the virtual reality. Thus, one can play games, watch movies, or listen to music using the same computer or gadget; Healthcare. Currently, an individual can use a variety of online applications that can calculate ideal weight, suggest necessary treatment or well-balanced diet (Mehta 2014). Online Communication and Politics The topic concerning the way the Internet communication influences democratization and public engagement is one of the most discussed nowadays. Some scholars argue that the Internet has made communication more democratic and allowed people to be more open in their judgments. One of the reasons to speak about online democratization refers to the increasing number of online protests or arranging of real protest with the help of online communication. The Internet gave people the possibility to collaborate and coordinate whenever there is a necessity. Online communities, blogs, forums, websites — all of them can be used to demonstrate the particular attitude towards some issues. Tsatsou (2014, p. 88) writes that ‘the Internet can contribute to enhance the autonomy of citizens to organize and mobilize around issues that are not properly processed in the institutional systems’. The term â€Å"digital democracy† is used to define the notion of online democratic communication. However, the increasing engagement in online affairs makes people distracted from the real-life citizenship and social life. In this respect, the Internet is believed to impede communication in real-life settings and, in its turn, decrease the role of democracy. The other fact that undermines the notion of digital democracy refers to the ethical issue of privacy. Service providers can define who is hiding beyond the anonymous blog. Even more, personal data of us ers are now actively used for the variety of purposes. Consequently, people claim that their rights to privacy are violated. The Influence of the Internet on Personal Communication: Advantages and Disadvantages Probably, the most significant impact of the Internet refers to the personal communication. Virtual communication is a subject of numerous discussions nowadays. There are both advantages and disadvantages when speaking about the role of the Internet in human intercourse. Matusitz (2007, p. 23) writes that ‘a virtual community can be considered as a â€Å"real† gathering of people where they communicate, like in a physical environment, create webs of personal relationships, and strengthen weak ties over time, even if everything occurs in cyberspace’. Thus, the Internet makes communication accessible for all people regardless of their location. The second advantage of the online communication is that people can improve psychological well-being. Virtual reali ty allows everyone to find individuals who share the same point of view on politics or like the same music. The Internet erases barriers and loneliness. One can communicate with everyone who has the same values or preferences. Finally, people feel free when they express their opinions via the Internet. It is possible to write a response anonymously. It gives the possibility to express such thoughts that could be regarded as unacceptable in the society. Thus, the Internet provides individuals with the feeling of digital freedom. Nevertheless, there are adverse sides of online communication as well. Some scientists believe that the online communication is nothing but the illusion (Matusitz 2007). Virtual communities can never replace real as far as they lack such features of the human intercourse as touches, facial expressions, gestures, smells, and other non-verbal signs. One more disadvantage of the online communication refers to the fact that there is no moral obligation. Thus, it is easy to deceive people about one’s beliefs, interests, or even gender. People who have bad social skills or are lonely often start to communicate via the Internet. However, Kim, LaRose, and Peng have demonstrated that such an escape from reality impedes the situation and deepens the feeling of loneliness and psychological dissatisfaction (Kim, LaRose, Peng 2009). Remarks and Recommendations The Internet aids communication in a variety of ways. First, it is a useful tool that allows people to stay connected regardless of their location. The Internet facilitates the process of globalization. Representatives from various communities, religious and political groups become closer to each other. The Internet erases the barriers during intercourses that exist in real life. The most significant thing is that the Internet allows individuals to express their opinions anonymously. This practice is of great significance for those who do not like to be judged and attract attention. At the same time, the Internet can worsen the effectiveness of communication. Not all people follow the rules of morality while communicating via the Internet. Besides, the communication may lead to the increasing feeling of loneliness. These are the most significant remarks concerning the Internet communication. Further studies should evaluate the impact of the Internet on the communication in various settings. Besides, it can be used to examine the level of self-satisfaction among people who prefer virtual communication. One more concern relates to the notion of literacy of the Internet usage. There are assumptions that people are not attentive to mistakes in online communication, and that leads to the improper level of literacy in other types of writing. Conclusion Human communication has numerous forms. Verbal types of communication can be realized with the help of the Internet. There are different forms of the Internet communication including one-to-one messaging, online calls, a nd video games. The methods for human communication changed drastically. Thus, the drums and smoke were the first ways of transmitting information. The rapid growth of the Internet commenced in the previous century. In a few decades, it became one of the most popular forms of communication. Although there are several concerns about the online communication, the Internet makes communication democratic, open, and unites people. Reference List Barett, J.,  Types of Internet Communication. Web. From Smoke Signals to Smartphones,  2014. Web. Kim, J., LaRose, R. Peng, W. 2009, ‘Loneliness as the Cause and the Effect of Problematic Internet Use’, CyberPsychology Behavior, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 451-456. Matusitz, J. 2007, ‘The Implications of the Internet for Human Communication’,  Journal of Information Technology Impact, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21-34. Mehta, P. 2014, 8 Ways the â€Å"Internet of Things† Will Impact Your Everyday Life. Web. Methods to Comm unicate Over Internet. Web. O’Neil, M. 2013, From Pigeons to Twitter: The Evolution of Communication. Web. Sarvaiya, M. 2013, Human Communication, Amazon Publishing, Seattle. Thill, J. Bovee, C. 2013, Excellence in Business Communication, Pearson, Upper Saddle River. Tsatsou, P. 2014, Internet Studies: Part, Present, and Future Directions, Ashgate Publishing, Farnham. Zimmerman, K. 2012, Internet History Timeline. Web. This essay on How Does the Internet Aid Communication? was written and submitted by user Haven F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Loneliness essays

Loneliness essays During the 1920s and 1930s, loneliness is a common theme in much of the literature and in many of the films set during this period. After World War One, many people found themselves with nothing to hold on to and with no one to go to. This was the period of the Great Depression. Loneliness is present in all kinds of people, rich and poor. Gatsby is rich and often surrounded by many people, yet he is lonely. George and Lennie are poor and only have each other. Candy, Crooks and May are poor and lonely. In The Great Gatsby, which is set in the Jazz Age, Gatsby often gives big parties but he is alwaysseen standing alone even though he is surrounded by many people. Most of the people who attend his parties are people he doesnt even know. Nick Carraway is the only person who tries to understand him and who finally takes responsibility for his funeral after the tragic turn of events. After all those parties and all those people, Nick is the only one who doesnt abandon him and who recognizes the extraordinary person that Gatsby was. Nick is thankful that his last words to Gatsby were, Theyre a rotten crowd. Youre better than the whole bunch put together. In the film The Heart is a Lonely Hunter the story is about many lonely people. These people are all drawn towards a central character, John Singer who is convincingly portrayed by Alan Arkin. Singer is a deaf mute and although nobody can really understand him he manages to find ways of helping others through their loneliness. As for himself, the only companion with whom he feels able to communicate, is Spiros Antonopolous, another deaf mute. When Antonopolous dies, Singer is desperate and the intense loneliness he feels finds no release. He takes his own life when there seems to be no one with whom to share his sorrow. John Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men has been made into several film ver...

Elements influencing Robustness of the research Essay - 3

Elements influencing Robustness of the research - Essay Example The discussion section also relates the study to back to the literature review and places the study in context. For instance, it has been identified in the literature review that the duration of showering that is considered therapeutic for laboring women is approximately 30 minutes. According to the literature and discussion of the article, prolonged showering to more than 30 minutes may put the women at risk for dehydration and hypotension; thus, enough hydration, drinking of cold water, and securing availability of an adult after showering is recommended. Meanwhile, the hypothesis was identified and supported in the discussion section. The hypothesis that women would benefit from showering within 30 minutes of showering was indeed supported as findings of the study found out that the intervention being tested would not likely to cause hyperthermia or fluid shifts. The strengths, limitations, and generalizability of the study were also discussed. Strengths include careful monitoring of the pilot study, values within the normal range, and safety of the intervention. Limitations include small sample size and failure of the participants to follow the instructions in adjusting water temperature and flow. The researchers stated that even of the study has small sample size and is underpowered, the result of the study among non-pregnant women could also be applied to the general population of pregnant women. All references are accurately cited and referenced in APA format. Olson, Wahab, Thompson & Durrant (2011) presented appropriately the findings that drives Hispanics, Native Americans, and Anglos to complete a suicide using their suicide notes (1491). The report of suicide among these races addressed what is already known about the motivation one has regarding completion of suicide. In the study, authors stated that suicide involves diverse motives

Career statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career statement - Essay Example I shall have to develop vast knowledge of the latest means, advanced tools, and strategies for efficient sales and marketing of products as well as of the operations involved in deriving different kinds of chemicals and byproducts from crude oil in the next five years. In addition to that, the skills and abilities I will need to develop in the next five years include presentation skills and technological skills including developing competence in the latest software employed in sales and marketing. I will have gained a lot of knowledge about my field at the point of completion of my undergraduate degree. However, I shall continue developing my knowledge by getting the Master’s degree in Marketing. Besides, I shall keep attending workshops and conferences and will also be in search of good short courses to refresh my knowledge as well as learn the latest trends in the use of steel in the industry. These workshops, conferences, and short courses will also help me acquire the need ed skills and abilities in addition to the practical experience of working I shall get through working in the field. There is a lot of margin for growth in the both steel and petrochemical industries. There is no dearth of organizations looking for professionals to fill these positions across the world. Construction and oil exploration never goes out of trend and it is safe to assume that I shall easily find job anywhere in the world any time. I would most likely go to a graduate school after completing my undergraduate degree.

Exchange Rate Mechanisms And Regimes In India Finance Essay

Exchange Rate Mechanisms And Regimes In India Finance Essay India has gone through several stages of economic development ever since it received Independence on the 15th of August, 1947. Most notable of these stages would be the liberalisation of the economy in 1991. Until the liberalization of 1991, India was largely and intentionally isolated from the world markets, to protect its economy and to achieve self-reliance. Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs, export taxes and quantitative restrictions, while foreign direct investment (FDI) was restricted by upper-limit equity participation, restrictions on technology transfer, export obligations and government approvals.* Following a Balance of Payments crisis in the year 1991, India was literally forced to open its doors to international business, a notion previously held as most evil to the countrys growth by its leaders. It had to change its stance on several aspects of international trade, including the Exchange Rate policy adopted. But, in hindsight, we would all agree that liberalisation was a smart, if delayed, move on part of the countrys government. The economy is flourishing like never before. India is now considered a powerhouse on the global stage rather than a Third-World country. The countrys international transactions are now becoming a worrying concern for yesteryears champions like the United States and Great Britain. Since liberalization, the value of Indias international trade has become more broad-based and has risen to Rs. 63,080,109 crores in 2003-04 from Rs.1,250 crores in 1950-51. Indias major trading partners are China, the US, the UAE, the UK, Japan and the EU. The exports during April 2007 were $12.31 billion up by 16% and import were $17.68 billion with an increase of 18.06% over the previous year.* This document will give a brief overview of the Exchange Rate policy currently adopted by the countrys central banker, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which has made all of this possible. *Source: Wikipedia Economy of India (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India) History of Exchange Rate Regimes in India* During the period 1950-1951 until mid-December 1973, India followed an exchange rate regime with Rupee linked to the Pound Sterling, except for the devaluations in 1966 and 1971. When the Pound Sterling floated on June 23, 1972, the Rupees link to the British units was maintained; paralleling the Pounds depreciation and effecting a de facto devaluation. On September 24, 1975, the Rupees ties to the Pound Sterling were broken. India conducted a managed float exchange regime with the Rupees effective rate placed on a controlled, floating basis and linked to a basket of currencies of Indias major trading partners. In early 1990s, the above exchange rate regime came under severe pressures from the increase in trade deficit and net invisible deficit. In the aftermath of a balance of payments crisis in 1991, stabilization was undertaken simultaneously with structural reforms over wide areas of the Indian economy. This dramatic change in context fundamentally altered the manner in which monetary policy began to be formulated, especially the forex policy adopted by the country. This shift led the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to undertake downward adjustment of Rupee in two stages on July 1 and July 3, 1991. This adjustment was followed by the introduction of the Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS) in March 1992 and hence the adoption of, for the first time, a dual (official as well as market determined) exchange rate in India. However, such system was characterized by an implicit tax on exports resulting from the differential in the rates of surrender to export proceeds. Subsequently, in March 1993, the LERMS was replaced by the unified exchange rate system and hence the system of market determined exchange rate was adopted. However, the RBI did not relinquish its right to intervene in the market to enable orderly control. In addition, the foreign exchange market of India was characterized by the existence of both official and black market rates with median premium. However, such black market premium steadily declined during the following decades until 1993. RBIs official position on the current Exchange Rate Policy: The objective of the exchange rate management has been to ensure that the external value of the Rupee is realistic and credible as evidenced by a sustainable current account deficit and manageable foreign exchange situation. Subject to this predominant objective, the exchange rate policy is guided by the need to reduce speculative activities, help maintain an adequate level of reserves, and develop an orderly foreign exchange market. *Source: International Economics Historical Exchange Rate Regimes of Asian Countries (http://intl.econ.cuhk.edu.hk/exchange_rate_regime/index.php?cid=15) Exchange Rates In international transactions, if we export goods to other countries, our exporter in India would like to be paid in Indian Rupees whereas the foreign buyer would like to pay in his home currency. If the buyer is in United States, he will pay only in US Dollars. Thus, it becomes necessary to convert this US Dollars into Indian Rupees. The rate at which USD is converted into Indian Rupees is known as Exchange Rate. In short, exchange rate is the ratio used to convert one currency into another. Exchange rates are quoted under two methods: Direct method Indirect method. Direct Quotations While quoting the exchange rate for a currency if the unit of foreign currency is kept constant and its value is expressed in terms of variable home currency the method of quoting exchange rate is known as Direct Quotation. In this case, the unit of home currency will be varying for every unit of foreign currency. e.g., USD 1 = Rs. 48.85 GBP 1 = Rs. 75.2550 Effective from August, 6, 1993 we have changed our system of quoting exchange rates to Direct Quotations. By adopting this system, we have fallen in line with the International practice. It has become more transparent for the dealing public and it will be easier for them to follow up the movement of exchange rates. Indirect Quotations When the unit of home currency is kept constant and the unit of home currency is expressed in terms of variable units foreign currency, then this method of quoting exchange rate is called Indirect Quotation. Prior to August 1993, we were following this system for quoting exchange rates. e.g., Rs.l00/- = USD 2.2400 Rs.l00/- = GBP 1.2400 Two Way Quotes In other commercial transactions whenever we enquire the price of a commodity the seller will immediately quote his selling price. But in Foreign exchange market exchange rates are always quoted for buying and selling i.e., one rate for buying and the other rate for selling. For example, if Bank X calls for the rates from Bank Y for USD/INR Bank Y will quote: USD/INR = 42.15/16 It means that Bank Y is prepared to buy USD at Rs.42.15 and sell at 42.16. This method of quoting both buying and selling rates is known as Two Way Quotation. For all practical purposes if we treat Foreign Exchange as a commodity, the logic and application of this Two-way quotation can be understood easily, i.e., a trader will always be willing to buy a commodity at a lesser price and sell at a higher price. The principle or maxim involved in this method of quotation is: BUY LOW SELL HIGH (Under Direct Quotation) Different Transactions and Relevant Exchange Rates In the above examples, (a) is an outward remittance, which does not involve any additional labor. Bank will be recovering the rupee equivalent from the customer and remit the foreign exchange to their correspondent Bank as per their drawing arrangements with instructions to pay to the lending financial institution on behalf of their customer. If it is a remittance relating to an import bill, (b), as a banker, bank will be verifying the documents, entering them in their register, presenting the bill to the importer for payment and also check whether all the conditions stipulated by the correspondent bank are complied with. For this nature of involvement of manpower, Bank is eligible for some additional compensation. This compensation will be loaded or adjusted while quoting the exchange rate for this import transaction. In other words, the exchange rate for import transaction will be costlier to the customer when compared to the exchange rate for clean outward remittances. The differe nt rates quoted for these two transactions are TT selling and bill selling. Likewise, Bank will quote different buying rates for export bills and for other clean inward remittances. Following are the different rates, which are quoted to the customer depending upon the nature of transaction: Buying Rates: A.l. TT Buying Rate: (NATURE OF TRANSACTIONS) Clean inward remittance (TT, PO, MT, and DD) for which cover has already been provided in ADs Nostro Account abroad. Conversion of proceeds of instruments sent on collection basis. [When proceeds are credited to Nostro Account] Cancellation of outward TT, MT, PO, DD etc. Cancellation of forward sale contract. Undrawn portion of an Export Bill realised. A.2. Bill Buying Rate: (NATURE-OF TRANSACTIONS) 1. Purchase/ negotiation/ discounting of export bills and other instruments. Selling Rates: B.l. TT Selling Rate. (NATURE OF TRANSACTIONS) Outward remittance in foreign currency (TT, MT, PO, DD) Cancellation of purchase transactions, i.e., Bill purchased earlier is returned unpaid Bill purchased earlier is transferred to collection account. Inward remittance received earlier (converted into rupees) is refunded to the remitting bank. Cancellation of Forward purchase contract. Remittances relating to payment of import bills, which are directly received by the importer. Crystallisation of overdue export bills. NOTE: If the remittance is a clean remittance i.e. no documents are to be handled by the banks, TT Selling rate will be applied. B.2. Bill Selling Rate. 1. Transaction involving remittance of proceeds of import bill (except bills received directly by the. importer) NOTE: Even if the proceeds of the import bills are to be remitted in foreign Currency by way of DD, MT, TT, and PO rate to be applied will be Bill Selling rate. 2. Crystallisation of overdue import bills. Apart from the above, separate rates will be quoted for selling and buying of Travelers Cheques and Foreign currency notes. Calculation of Merchant Rates FEDAI has provided detailed guidelines for calculation of exchange rates for merchant transactions. Following factors are to be taken into account by banks before quoting rates to customers: STEP 1. Arrive at the cover rate i.e. the rate at which ADs will be covering the transaction in the market immediately the customer delivers the instrument. It may also be treated as the rate at which the AD can dispose off / acquire the Foreign Exchange in/from the market. STEP 2. Load the prescribed profit margin. EXCHANGE MARGIN: FEDAI has left the discretion of loading profit margin to the individual banks. It is now purely at the discretion of the individual Bankers to load the appropriate exchange margin and improve the exchange rate depending upon the volume and nature of the transaction. STEP 3. Rounding off the transaction to the nearest 4 decimals, i.e., .0025/50/75/00. EXAMPLE: Exporter has submitted a bill for USD 100,000. Inter-bank exchange rate 48.02/03 Profit margin 1.5 paise STEP 1: Select the appropriate base rate at which the bank can dispose off the USD against Indian Rupee in the market. In this case, Bank may be able to dispose off USD 100000 at Rs. 48.02 in the Inter Bank market at the market-buying rate. STEP 2: Load the prescribed profit margin: Base rate Rs.48.02 Deduct the profit margin: Rs.48.0200 0.0150 = Rs.48.0050 Since Bank will be paying Indian Rupees to exporter customer, Bank will be deducting their profit margin from the rupee proceeds. STEP 3: Round off to the nearest 4 decimals. In the above transaction, Bank will be quoting the rate as 48.0050 to the customer. Cross Rates / Chain Rule If a Corporate wants to purchase Euro (EUR) since this currency is not normally quoted in India, AD will procure US Dollars from Inter-bank market against Rupees and will contact any of the overseas market to get Euro by disposing the US Dollars. E.g., A customer wants to retire an import bill for EUR 50,000 and the Inter Bank rate for USD/INR is at 39.02/03 and the overseas market rate for EUR/USD is 0.8920/30. In order to arrive at the EUR/INR exchange rate Bank will be applying following Chain Rule method. It should be noted that the market quote for EUR/USD is expressed under Indirect quotation i.e., one unit of Euro will be equivalent to how much USD. First leg of the transaction is, Authorised Dealer procures USD against Indian Rupees from inter-bank market: USD $1 = Rs.39.03 i.e. to procure US$ 1, AD will pay Rs.39.03 in the Interbank. With this USD, AD will go to London market and procure EUR paying USD 0.8930 for one EUR. By applying Chain Rule : 1 EUR = USD 0.8930 1 USD = INR 48.03 Then 1 EUR will be equivalent to 0.8930*39.03 = INK 39.8907 Rounding off to 4 decimals = Rs.39.8925 This method of arriving at the value of other currencies through US Dollar or any other third currency is known as Cross Rate or Chain Rule. Card Rates Dealing room of all banks as soon as open for that days business, works out the exchange rate for all the major currencies and for all types of transactions. This rate will be communicated to all branches of the bank. This rate will be the indicative rates and this rate will be applicable only for transaction up to the prescribed level i.e., smaller value transactions. Spot Rates Forward Rates We have learnt that exchange rate is the price at which one currency can be bought or sold for another currency. The date on which currencies are exchanged can be any date from the date starting from the date of transaction to any future dates. Transactions may be either Spot or forward depending upon the delivery of the Foreign Exchange. Under Spot, we have CASH-SPOT, TOM-SPOT. If the exchange of currencies takes place on the same day of transaction, it is known as CASH DEAL. If the exchange of currencies takes place on the next working day, i.e. tomorrow, it is known as TOM-DEAL. If the exchange of currencies takes place on the second working day after the date of transaction it is known as SPOT DEAL. Normally exchange rates are quoted on spot basis i.e., the settlement will take place on the second working day after the date of transaction. Wherever foreign exchange will be delivered after SPOT date, it is known as Forward transactions. Going back to the above Import transaction, if the Importer gets the information that his shipment will be reaching India only after 3 months it is possible that due to exchange fluctuations he may have to pay more in Rupee terms. If he feels that the exchange rate on the third month, at the time of retirement of the import bill, will not be favorable to him, he may like to fix an assured rate for his future transaction. This type of fixing the exchange rate for a future transaction, at the desired time earlier to the date of actual transaction is known as Forward contracts. Premium/Discount on Direct Quotations If we are familiar with commodity or share market it would be known that spot rate, forward rates are different, and they need not be the same. This is so because the anticipated demand and supply and the cost situations at the forward date may not necessarily be identical with that of the existing at present. The commodity/share could be quoted at a higher (premium) or lower (discount) rate for future deliveries. We shall illustrate this with an example: Spot interbank rate of USD 1 = Rs.39.25 3 months forward USD 1 = Rs.39.95 If one has to buy dollar three months forward against Rupees, he has to pay 70 paise more for the same dollar, i.e., 3 months dollar will be costlier by 70 paise compared to spot rate. Therefore US Dollar is said to be at premium in forwards vis-a-vis rupee. In direct quotations premium is always added to both the buying and selling spot rates. In another situation: Spot interbank rate of USD 1 = JPY 108.50 3 months forward USD 1 = JPY 106.50 From the above illustration it will be seen that the USD/JPY for 3 months forward is available at a cheaper rate as compared to spot. In other words USD is cheaper by 2 JPY forward compared to spot. i.e., USD is at discount in forwards vis-a-vis JPY direct quotations. Discount factor is always deducted from the buying and selling spot rate. From the above it is now clear that if we compare spot and forward rates we are able to arrive at the following three possibilities: a. If the spot rate and the forward rate are the same they are at par. b. In direct quotations if forward rate is more than the spot rate the base currency is said to be at premium. c. In direct quotations if forward rate is less than the spot rate the base currency is said to be at discount. Quoting Forward Rates Forward differentials are always quoted in two figures like, 15/16 and 15/14. It will be either at ascending or descending order. If the first figure is less than the second figure {in ascending order} then the base currency is said to be at premium. In direct quotations premium is always added to both the buying and selling rates. If it is a buying transaction for the bank, the quoting bank will add lesser of the two premium figures so as to give minimum rupees. Likewise if it is a selling transaction, the quoting bank, will add higher of the two premium figures to take the maximum amount in rupees for selling a foreign currency. EXAMPLE Interbank market rates: Spot USD: Rs.39.2025/2100 1 month forward 15/16 a) We have an export bill transaction. Since the forward differentials are in ascending order the base currency, USD is at premium. Hence, it should be added with the spot rate to arrive at the forward rate. Out of the two premium figures (15/16) since Bank will be giving Indian rupees, they will give minimum amount in rupees. Step 1: Spot buying rate USD 1 = Rs.39.2025 Step 2: To arrive at the forward rate: Since the base currency is at premium and Bank has to give rupees, add the minimum premium, i.e., add 15 paise to the spot rate. Spot buying rate USD 1 = Rs. 39.2025 Add premium = Rs. 00.1600 Rs. 39.3625 Hence, the forward rate for this export transaction will be Rs.39.3625. b) In an import transaction, while recovering rupees from the importer customer, for one-month forward rate, Bank will add the maximum premium i.e. 16 paise and the forward rate for Banks selling transaction would be: Spot selling rate USD 1 = Rs. 39.2100 Add premium = Rs. 00.1600 Forward rate for selling = Rs.39.3700 If the forward differentials are on the descending order i.e., 25/24, the base currency is said to be at discount. In direct quotations, if the base currency is at a discount, discount factor is always deducted from the spot rate. When two discount figures are quoted if it is a buying transaction (export bills) in which bank will be giving rupees, they will be deducting higher of the two figures and give minimum rupees. EXAMPLE: Interbank market Spot USD 1 = Rs.39.2725/00 1 month forward 25/24 (paise) To arrive at the 1-month forward rates: Buying Selling (Export bill) (Import bill) Inter-bank Spot 39.2725 39.2800 Deduct the discount 0.2500 0.2400 1 month forward rate 39.0225 39.0400 From the above example, in direct quotations, in selling transactions, lesser amount of discount is deducted to take maximum rupees for every dollar. RBI Regulations on Forward Contracts A person resident in India may enter into a forward contract with an authorized dealer to hedge an exposure to exchange risk subject to production of satisfactory documentary evidence about the genuineness of the underlying exposure. This has been relaxed on 1.12.2001 -vide RBI guidelines EC/CO/FMD/453/18.07.01 /2001-02 wherein Reserve Bank permits Authorized Dealers to book FWD contracts based on a declaration of an exposure subject to: FWD contracts booked in aggregate, should not exceed 50%of the average of previous 3 financial years actual import/export turnover subject to a cap of USD 100 Mn or equivalent. Declaration to AD about amount booked with other Authorised Dealers Undertaking to produce supporting documentary evidence before maturity of the FWD contract. Substitution of contracts for hedging trade transactions may be permitted on satisfactory reasons Contracts involving rupee as one of the currencies, once cancelled shall not be re-booked although they can be rolled over at ongoing rates on or before maturity. This restriction shall not apply to contracts covering export transactions, which may be cancelled, rebooked or rolled over at on-going rates.

Commercialization of the Navajo Sand Painting Practice

For the West, art has traditionally been considered as the mark of civilization, in so far as humanity is able to capture and render the essence of beauty and preserve this through their â€Å"artwork.† ( Gilbert, 1982; Errington, 1994; Witherspoon, 1977)   Indeed, art may even be a purely Western construct â€Å"since textiles and jewellery, clothing and cosmetics (to mention only a few of the contexts where aesthetic choices operate) are not usually considered by us to be Art with a capital ‘A'.† (Gilbert, 1982: 168) The understanding and appreciation of non-Western â€Å"art† has therefore been problematic for many scholars, given that branding such cultural products and practices as such carries with it the enthnocentric connotations of the Western definition which usually defines â€Å"art† based on the value system of Western culture (Gilbert, 1982: 167-168; Errington, 1994: 203; Clifford, 1988:221) that, as Robbins (2005) points out, has become more and more concerned with the accumulation of material wealth and the derivation of fulfillment from the consumption of products (Robbins 2005:20) and where the perception of beauty is lamentably static. (Witherspoon, 1977:152) Critics have likewise noted that â€Å"art† in the West has often connoted being â€Å"art by intention,† which are produced and valued to be perceived for their beauty and for the monetary value that they carried.(Errington, 1994: 201) This is distinguished from what is considered as â€Å"art by appropriation† or the things that were produced for purposes other than art but are appraised to be of high value with antiquity or the possession of an indigenous or unique identity, thereby alienating them from the culture that produced them. Witherspoon (1977), for instance, emphasizes the importance of defining indigenous behavior, institutions, and practices within the context of their culture or at the very least, â€Å"against the backdrop of their view of the world or their ideological frame of reference.† (Witherspoon 1977:4) This includes confronting the fact that these cultures often evolve or even change with their exposure to other cultures and vice versa. The dilemma over the treatment and definition of non-Western art is illustrated, for instance, in efforts to preserve Navajo sand paintings so they could be sold and collected (Errington, 1994: 203). The sand paintings which were originally used in Navajo religious rites and healing ceremonies have been described as â€Å"true masterpieces of art† for their â€Å"instinctive awareness of the basic principles of design, colour harmonies, and contrasts.† (Foster, 1963:43) Ironically, the sand paintings were created by the Navajo not for art’s sake but as an integral part of religious healing ceremonies to locate and reestablish of an individual in his or her right place in the the universe and thus cure his or her illness. These paintings often utilized colored sand, cornmeal, and other bits of material to depict the Navajo’s vision of the cosmos and to symbolize their socio-economic life and other cultural elements.(Robbins, 2005: 14; Foster, 1963: 43) Foster (1963) notes that the Navajo was able to make over a thousand designs from symbols and patterns that were unique to them, and how, after the sand painting had been painstakingly drawn, the shamans would proceed to rub parts of the design on the individual who was to be cured while praying through chants. For the Navajo people, the sand paintings were indeed relevant not only as a religious tool but also as a source of magic. Horrified by the fact that these intricate sand paintings were often destroyed by being sat on or rubbed off during the healing process and thrown out afterwards, â€Å"concerned† individuals found ways to keep these intact using glue and other materials. (Errington, 1994: 203) This concern to preserve the end product of a cultural practice for its artistic or aesthetic value, however, contrasts sharply with the Navajo’s concept of beauty that lies more in the creative process that is inextricably linked with their way of life itself. Thus, beauty for the Navajo lies not in the sand painting that has served its purpose in curing a community member’s illness but in the entire religious ceremony where the sand painting is but a small component. The careless tendency to preserve or collect â€Å"art† from other cultures therefore engenders the superimposition of   another culture’s value systems and assumptions of meaning on the cultural practices or even the products of cultural practices (Errington, 1994: 205). This is especially true in the case of the sand paintings, where the preservation enabled them to become â€Å" durable and portable, able to be moved to new locations, and hung on the walls as â€Å"art†Ã¢â‚¬  (Errington, 1994:205). With this transformation from a religious and highly significant part of Navajo tradition to a home or museum artifact, the Navajo sand painting tend to lose its significance as it became divorced from the culture that produced it. Thus, the Navajo sand painting seem to have lost its meaning as it became more and more commercialized. Approriated as art, the practice became insignificant insofar as the culture and the community that practiced it disintegrated, devoiding sand painting of its ritual meaning and significance. Works Cited: Clifford, J. (1988). The Predicament of Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Errington, S. (1994). What became authentic primitive art? Cultural Anthropology, 9(2). Foster, K. (1963). Navajo sand paintings. Man, 63. Gilbert, M. (1982). Art: the primitive view. The British Journal of Aesthetics, 22(2). Robbins, R. H. (2005). Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Witherspoon, G. (1977). Language and Art in the Navajo Universe. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.                                       

Discuss the Difficulties in Seeking to Adopt a Common Social Policy and Social Welfare Agenda Among the E.U. Member States.

Assignment 2-Take Home Exam (Question 3, 5 and 6) Question 3 Discuss the difficulties in seeking to adopt a common social policy and social welfare agenda among the E. U. member states. Introduction A social policy is a public policy and practice in the areas of health care, human services, criminal justice, education, and labor. (Malcolm Wiener Centre) In European Union, it has passed a long way to seeking adopt a common social policy and social welfare agenda among the E. U. member states. Caune et al has summarized the process of social policy into three steps followed by the milestone of EU.First stage was to create a common market and keep the national welfare policies. During the first stage E. U. did seek to establish a certain policy, such as freedom of movement for workers and freedom of establishment and equal pay and rights for migrant workers. The second stages was Maastricht treaty that creating Maastricht criteria as new economic policy regime and established ‘sof t law management’. The thirds stage was focus onwards coordination and competition of national welfare policies. The treaty of Lisbon which is the recently moment in E.U. social policy, it defines E. U. seeks to assess the significance of the poverty/social inclusion open method of co-ordination in terms of what it indicates about the EU’s engagement with social policy. From the historically, EU was did a lot of works to creating social policy and social welfare agenda. But E. U. still faces many difficult to making a common social policy among E. U. states. Furthermore, this essay will mainly discuss on the difficult in seeking to adopt a common social policy and social welfare agenda among the E. U. ember states which are based understand and analyzed the history and concept of E. U. social policy. Discussion From the three stages of form a social welfare system, we could found European Union has really well social welfare systems as an example for the rest of the wo rld. It has maintained social equality among EU members which defend weaker market participants and guarantee them acceptable standards of living. However, EU is now face great challenges, such as rapid growth in EU expansion and integration, growing competition among member states for investments.Most of them are now becoming difficult to a adopt a further common social policy EU, such as increasing about personal expectancy, population migration process, growing income inequality and the existing social exclusion. These difficulties are mainly coming from two sources which are national and European level. If EU aims to form a common social policy, they will firstly facing a problem of different social policies pursued by member states. Rutkauskiene indicated that there is† no unanimous opinion about all existing social policy in EU. (Rutkauskiene, 2009) Every member states have their social policy depends on different typology, such as Mediterranean model and antipodean mode l. These different social policy models in the place which lead EU faces a huge challenge-too many different social policy model in the members will hinder the process of adopt a common social policy in EU. One of the objectives of common social policy is maintain social equality among EU member state but each member state has a different economic situation that leading to different budget on social welfare expenditure.Hence, there will be conflict between different countries investment on the social welfare. One of the example are from the EU integration process, employee are free to move to a low cost countries and also employee from poor countries can move to a member state that has a better work condition. The enlargement or integration of European has becoming one of the difficulties in order to adopt a common social policy in EU because it has direct on the social issues, such as unemployment rate and fair work rights.Traser describe enlargement had already, in 2004, caused pu blic anxiety about large numbers of low-skilled and semiskilled workers from the new Member States seeking both employment and benefits in the EU-15, and displacing national workers with cheap labour. (Traser, 2005) The issues about free movement of employee is only one example about the differences of economic situation between member states but it can be a main difficulties for EU to adopt a common social policy because the members state are only stand for their own country and competing with other member states.In the European level, EU are also did a lot of work trying to leading member states participate on the process of adopt a common social policy but it is difficult as well. Since the Maastricht Treaty a concept of ‘soft law’ management measures are used to implementation of the EU activates. This has given to the control measures that are based on voluntarism, education and the sharing of best practices. (Rutkauskiene, 2009) In other world, member’s sta te is voluntary participation in an exchange of information or action.The European council collected all these soft measurement 2000 in Lisbon and give them a name of ‘Open Method of Coordination. (OMC)† (European Council Web) In the European council website explained OMC- set goals are monitored and supervised, best practices are shared and there is a scope to share. (European Council Web) But there are one important feature of the OMC is that goals and achievement are established at the EU level, while the measure and practice to achieving them are left for national governments. Many scholar are debate the disadvantage of this method.OMC is the lack of obligation to implement any agreements, and the lack of sanctions for failing to meet any obligations (Szyszczak, 2006). In other words, EU did not give in to any suggestion about policy to national government, and national government did not need to adequately orient their active measures according to OMC goals. Moreove r, each member states can present their own conclusions on the certain policy areas in their national actions plans, such as pension and health care area. Rutkauskiene has found a greatest number of faults in pension’s area caused by OMC. Rutkauskiene, 2009) Everyone is too different in their personal needs and clamming to adequate for all is not feasible. So a government policy should be set a minimum pension sum to be guaranteed and set of this agreement among EU member states. In other worlds, it is necessary that guidelines for changes in indicator evaluation are set, thereby blocking the way for different understanding about social affairs. From the different argument on OMC policy we can it was mainly established a principle of turning into coordination among EU member state but it facing difficulties turning this policy into an operational manner.Vandenbroucke state the post challenge of Lisbon treaty is EU need an operational social policy. (Vandenbroucke, 2002) Unfor tunately, according to the discussion that the current OMC policy has some disadvantaged that made difficulties for EU to adopt a common social policy. Conclusions This essay has started with an introduction milestone of adopt the EU social policy. The difficulties in adopt a common social policy among EU member states have been compounded furthermore by the fact that large number of state in EU and each of them implementing a different social programs and social policy measures.Then we look on how European Union to dealing with this difficulties of great variety in the social policy systems. We have been chooses the current model to coordinate of social affairs in 2000 at the signing of Lisbon strategy which are Open Method of Coordination. Based on the analysed from different academic literature, â€Å"the main shortcomings of the OMC were identified as the lack of obligation and no sanctions for failing to carry out the activities set out in the agreements reached. (Rutkauskiene , 2009) Hence, the inefficiency of current policy is other main difficulties in adopt a common social policy. At the end, the process of adopt a common social will be forward in the future and the difficulties are also coming continuously at different stages. Reference Arnaudova, F. Z. L. A. A. (2011). Growth, well-being and social policy in Euroep: trade-off orsynergy. European Social Policy Centre Concuil, E. , from http://ec. europa. eu/invest-in research/coordination/coordination01_en. htm Daly, M. (2006). EU Social Policy after Lisbon.Queen's Univeristy, Belfast. Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy. Retrieved 10 Jan 2013, from http://www. hks. harvard. edu/centers/wiener Palier, P. R. G. a. S. J. a. B. (2011). The EU and the Domestic Politics of Welfare State Reforms. England. Rutkauskiene, L. (2009). Problems in the formation of the common EU social policy: Vilnius Univeristy. Szyszczak, E. (2006). Experimental Governance: The Opend Method of Coordination. European Law Jou rnal. Traser, J. (2005). Report on the free movement of workers in EU-25: who's afarid of EU enlargment? Brussels:European Citizen Action services. Vandenbroucke, F. (2002). The EU and Social Protection: What should the Euroepan Convention Propose. Retrieved from http://econstor. eu/bitstream/10419/44291/1/644397675. pdf Vobruba, G. Debate on the enlargement of the Euroepan Union. University of Leipzig. Question 5 the single market is the fundamental economic underpinning of the EU. Discuss why  this single market is problematic in the EU with regards to the digital technology sector Introduction The Europe commission in a 1985 white paper launched the single market programme.The main purpose of single market is ‘seeks to guarantee the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people – the EU's â€Å"four freedoms† – within the EU's 27 member states. †(European Commission Web) It was launched as the fundamental economic integration of the EU. It creates large benefit to the enterprise and EU-citizens. The European commission and the EU’s executive arm, has target ‘energy, digital and transport sectors as priorities for depending market integration. †(Egen) In relating to the digital technology sector, the world economic is now more deepening on the digital technology.A 2010 study commissioned by the European Policy Centre from Copenhagen Economics showed that an integrated European Digital Single Market (DSM) would lead to an increase in GDP of at least 4%, with concrete benefits for consumers and citizens. (Economics, 2010) European commissions have already been set in motion about importance of digital single market. For example, Monti report had already highlighted the importance of developing the digital single market, which was also reflected in the digital agenda and the single market act.However, there are still many problem existed in the EU with regards to the digital technology sector. This e ssay will outline of the reasons of why this single market is problematic in digital sector, which are mainly because of less enforce on inappropriate regulation in the member states and cost effectiveness and differences in provision of the infrastructure and ‘old national monopolists’. Discussion In Pablo’s report, which has summaries the European commission need to work more on to build trust and confidence in digital single market.Echeverria has indicated that â€Å"European Commission need to stresses that the consumer rights directive marked an important step forward in terms of increasing legal certainty for consumers and businesses in online transactions, and today constitutes the main consumer protection instrument for online services. † (Echeverria) A single market strategy will require a higher level of legal regulations in regarding to issues such as cybercrime, data privacy and spam while ensuring free movement and the possibility of transacti ons on the internet.Otherwise this single market will be a problematic in digital sector because of the existence of a patchwork of different legal provisions and barely interoperable standards and practices. Also the consumer can’t access the full benefits from this strategy if this regulation is poor. European commission’s report of building the digital single market has identified more and more pollution is using the digital technology now. (Commission, 2011) Peoples are now using more internet service to making a convenience life, such as the online cross border trade.Moreover the digital single market will allow citizens to have access throughout the EU to all forms of digital content and services. So in order to creating single market digital sector, if people are not use digital service in a safety environment then there will be a data protection problems. The other reasons of why  this single market is problematic in the EU with regards to the digital technol ogy sector, which is cost effectiveness. In Zuleeg’s report has determine that a single digital market will require large scale investments in fixed and mobile networks, with much of this investment needing to come from private operators. Zuleeg, 2012) Especially in the European finical crisis period, Europe government and private operator will need to have spent more to support this investment by developing new investment vehicles and guarantees. Michelle Egan also defines a digital single market is a long way of investment and still have many barriers now. (Egan) But the single market in digital sector will improve productivity and contribute to increasing Europe’s medium to long term competiveness. It also brings out benefit beyond the economic which it can help some societal problem, such as fragmented labor market and environment problems.According to all of this facts, we can finding the single market can bring large benefit to citizens and social but it will nee d to put extra investment by government and private operator. So this single market will bring out a conflict between internal users and external stakeholders because of cost effectiveness. A study by Copenhagen economic has list out â€Å"there is a range of national and international operators, totalling close to 100 mobile operators. â€Å"(Copenhagen economic) In the Australia digital sector there are mainly one operator provide the most mobile and internet infrastructure which are Telstra.The digital sector is fragmented in European compared with other countries. The most of the digital companies are competing on a national scale instated of across borders. None have continent-wide operations and provide difference in provisions of infrastructure. One of the example is there are still less operator can provide mobile service across borders and also with a high roaming fees. However the single market strategy in digital sector is trying to integrate these companies into one gr oup.This single market strategy may become problematic in the digital technology sector because a fragmented supplier industry may hamper certain developments. From the overall finding, we can operator is the main stakeholder with a large impact on the digital sector. The study by Copenhagen has further explained this fact as â€Å"a lack of market consolidation with ‘old national monopolies’ keeping their strong position in local markets due to government protection in the past. â€Å" The operators are stress on their profit and ignore the importance of single market.One of the major benefits of European single market is increasing competition, leading to lower prices and better welfare for consumers and society as a whole. But the operator has main power in the national market and can refuse price convergence. Conclusion At the end, the single market in digital will have large impact on European economy either in public sector or employee or consumers or producer s ides. But according to the nature of digital technology sector which is fragmented industry and investment barriers so the single market has being a problematic in this industry.Reference Completing the internal market White paper from European Commission to European Council (1985). Brussels. Commission, E. (2011). Building the digital single market-cross border demand for content services. Echeverria, P. A. On completing the digital single market Economics, C. (2010). The conomic impact of a european digital single market. Egen, M. Twenty years after the completion of the EU's single market programme, member states have still not eliminate all barriers to trade. London: The london school of economic and politcal science. Zuleeg, F. (2012).A digital single market by 2015. eSharp. European Mobile Indsutry Obeservatory. (2011) Monti, M. (2010). A new strategy for the single market. â€Å"The Single Market†. Europa web portal. http://ec. europa. eu/internal_market/index_en. htm. Retrieved 03 January 2012. Question 6 what are the problems to be encountered in forming a European sense of identity among the citizenry of the EU? Introduction A sense of a national identity is â€Å"the person's identity and sense of belonging to one state or to one nation, a feeling one shares with a group of people, regardless of one's citizenship status. (Smith, 1993) Usually, these are nation-states but it also can implied an entity group of European Union. McCormick writes sense of European identity as â€Å"a related term of Europeanism refers to the assertion that the people of Europe have a distinctive set of political, economic and social norms and values that are slowly diminishing and replacing existing national or state-based norms and values. †(McCormick, 2010) Johan Borneman indicates the practices of Europeanization in term of languages, money, tourism and sex and sport. Borneman 1997) European Union are getting practice on this through the creation of the European single market, the expanded the European Union from twelve members in 1985 to twenty-seven members in 2007 and link the legislative and policy frameworks of EU with European identity. As we explained before EU has a long history of this integration process but there are still many problems encountered in forming a European sense of identity among the citizenry of the EU. There are especially in some countries are having this problems such as British.Moreover, this essay will discuss on the main problems that are in forming a European sense of identity among the citizenry of the EU. It also will consider some examples in English. Discussion Medrano has summarized the main problems into three section which are â€Å". 1) conflated behaviour in referenda on reform treaties of the European Union, support for European integration, and identification with Europe, 2) conflated different dimensions of European identity, and 3) failed to unpack the various meanings that citizens a ttach to the idea of identification with Europe† (Medrano, 2010)In the detail, the first problems are mainly concerned on the public debate on European identity. Many people see no opportunity to influence supranational decisions effectively because there are lacks of intermediary actor primary covering European issues. In the public, the media or journalists are both have lack of supporting on EU news. Vreese said â€Å"It is difficult to ‘sell’ an EU story. † (Vreese, 2004) Medrano has asked many journalists do you agree you play an important role in ‘crating a European identify’. (Medrano, 2010) The most of them unanimously agreed that the answer should be ‘NO’.Some journalists believe their role is to create engagement and interest and not to influence identity. One of the examples is in British, the public opinion is divided and the country is becoming the most of skeptic members in EU with regards to EU policy of common curre ncy and the enlargement. There is other problem influencing public opinion about Europe, such as difference in social-demographic characteristics. Most of researcher has find men being more supportive of Euro-pan integration and higher levels of education are associated with being more positive towards the EU.The second problems listed by Medrano, can be described as there are having many dimensions of European identity either by national or citizen. If there are too many dimensions of European identity that will results a lack of precision use in the use of the sense of European identity. The official dimensions of European identity is a precondition for a democratically legitimise European Union with feeling of belonging together of the people living in the member states, including the awareness and the support of common values, achievements and aims.But in related to a real case the European identity is far lagging behind national identity. Fukuyama has given one example of Franc es created a strong national identity by built around the French languages. (Fukuyama, 2012) In order to compared within the EU’s dimension, EU are more stress on political and policy identity but the nation’s dimensions are more focus on culture and social level. EU has 27 members within different culture and religion. These countries have already built on different level of national identity.EU is now trying to integrate this national identity into one common identity which is European identity. So EU needs to conflate different dimension of European identity. The third problems is failed to consider the citizen’s ideal about European identity. The EU defines concept of European identity are most physically based, such as free movement of goods and service. But the officials should to promote a sense of belonging to Europe citizens emotionally. Medrano stated there are lacks of identification with Europe among citizens are mostly interested in the emotional di mension of identification. (Medrano,2010)Besides of Medrano’s measured three problems, there are still many other problems in order to create a sense of European identity. One of these problems are EU has less use any knowledge or instruments of identity policy to deliver the sense of European identity, such as education. Walkenhorst writes â€Å"without a sense of commitment and knowledge of citizenship rights the European peoples cannot establish a democratic identity in the sense of supporting the EU as a legitimate political system†. (Walkenhorst, 2004) EU also will not being able to demonstrate its benefits for the European citizen without using an instrument of identity policy.For instance, provide more education or program on spread the sense of European identity will also help to avoid the problems of different religions. EU has different religions identity, such as Christian and Muslim. The concept of European identity need to consider the ideal of multicultur alism and democracy. Conclusions This essay draws an analysis of the problems encountered in forming a sense of European identity which are based on an understanding what is a sense of European identity and how could generate a sense of identity.Since the firstly forming a European Union, EU are trying to creating a sense of European identity. A sense of national or regional identity is an emotionally feeling belongs to a group. EU did a lot of work that letting people are physically feeling of European citizen, such as free movement of people and goods. One of the examples, are Eurostar given people are more mobility in traveling around European. However, EU is now facing problems on ignored the citizen’s emotionally feeling of European identity and conflicts of different dimension about European concept of identity.Each member state and citizens has different dimension about European identity. The best way to solve this problem is using accurate instrument to spread the ide al of European identity, such as education and media. But the fact is there is lack of use media and education that results a problems in forming a sense of European identity. Reference Adrian Favell, E. R. , Theresa Kuhn, Janne Solgaard Jensen and Juliane Klein. (2011). The Europeanisation of Everyday Life: Cross-Border practices and Transantional Identitifcations Among the Eu and Third-Country Citizens. Foweler, J. B. a. N. (1997).Europeanization. Annual Review. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/2952532 . Fukuyama, F. (2012). European Identities Retrieved from http://blogs. the-american-interest. com/fukuyama/2012/01/10/european-identities-part-i/ Margaret R, A. (2008). Perceptions of European Identity among EU Citizens: An Empirical Study. McCormick, J. (2010). Europeanism: Oxford University Press. Medrano, J. D. (2010). Unpackiing European Identity: CAIRN, INFO. Smith, A. D. (1993). National identity: Univeristy of Nevada Press. Versteegh, M. L. C. (2010). European Ci tizenship as a New Concept for Euroepan Identity.